This is an on-line dictionary for the constructed East Germanic language Konigsbergesk (natively known as Kunigsbairgesk). It is a personal project headed by just me, so I doubt it is of much use to anyone, but you are free to use the contents of this page for any reason. Note that this dictionary is in Konigsbergesk to English; for the English-Konigsbergesk dictionary, see here, and for the phrasebook, see here. Everything is a WIP, so please point out any errors. I would estimate this is at around 60% completion; my goal is to have this completed by the end of the month, and then proceed to the phrasebook.
Entries in the dictionary are formatted as such:
LEMMA (headword)
A word (or phrase) used to serve as the canonical form of a word.
PRONUNCIATION
This dictionary uses IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet). If you're unfamiliar with IPA, a guide can be found here. Pronunciation is usually not demarcated as Konigsbergesk has a simple pronunciation system.
PART OF SPEECH
What type of word this is (e.g. noun, verb, adverb, adjective).
DEFINTION
Provides the meaning of a word.
USAGE NOTES
Provides notes on how to use this word, and/or specific complexities.
EXAMPLE
Self-explanatory.
ETYMOLOGY
The origin of a word; from Old French ethimologie, from Latin etymologia, from Ancient Greek ἐτυμολογία (etumologίa).
A personal mnemonic is to format things as acronyms (in this case LPPDPUEE). As far as I know, this format is the standard for most dictionaries. All entries will be listed in alphabetical order.
Konigsbergesk is an East Germanic language.
It is a Latin alphabet, read left-to-right, which contains 27 letters; A, Å, Æ, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, Ï, J, K, L, M, N, O, Ø P, R, S, ß, T, Þ U, V, Y. Some letters may be listed in the dictionary despite not being part of the standard alphabet. That is usually because the word is a borrowing from another language that contains the letter; e.g. Zentrum, "center", Quiz (quiz), Prix, "prize". Each diacritic and character has a particular function. For example, the diaeresis ( ̈ , not usually considered part of the alphabet due to its infrequent use) in A, E, I, U, or, rarely, Y serves to prevent mispronunciation of the vowel before or after it (Økonomïe is "Oe-ko-nom-i-e", not "Oe-kon-om-ie", and Koälition is Ko-a-li-sh-on). The letter Å represents a long A, as in Swedish. The letter Æ represents the digraph "ae". Ø represents the digraph "OE", as in Norwegian, and sometimes replaces the diaeresis in O, and Þ represents the "TH" digraph. Lastly, the Eszett represents the digraph "SS"; derived from the obsolete long S ſ. It is always capitalised as SS, unlike German, where there has been a longstanding debate over the issue. Note that the Eszett appears in all usages of "SS"; Konigsbergesk uses Biß (bite) and not Biss. Omittance of the accents may cause confusion; for example, åcht means "eight", whereas acht means "true, genuine, real", etc.
Since Konigsbergesk is an East Germanic language, most of the core vocabulary is inherited from Gothic. However, Gothic has been extinct since c. 10th century, and Konigsbergesk diversified as a language around the 4th century. As such, they are not mutually intelligible.
Konigsberg itself has been under many occupations during its existence, allowing for some distinct features and loanwords. A significant portion of the lexicon can be dated by what language they were borrowed from; e.g. Old Norse words are from c. 8th century to 15th century, Middle Low German words are from the 13th-16th centuries, Polish loanwords are generally from c. 16th to 18th centuries.
Since the 1600s, French has been considered a language of prestige, and is often taught as a secondary language alongside English. Much of the jargonic or higher-echelon words are derived from Middle or modern French (e.g. "Noir", darkness, of the same meaning, though usually noir refers to the colour black in French). This can be attributed to the de la Tour d'Auvergne royal family, who ruled Konigsberg at various points from 1633 until 1946, and trace their origins to Olliergues in central France. Globalisation has introduced some words that likely would not have occurred naturally, e.g. "Anime" (anime) or "Lag" (lag, in the computing sense).
Loanwords adapt to native Konigsbergesk grammar, but are unchanged in pronunciation and appearance. The only exception is if a borrowing contains a non-native diacritic; for example, café (coffee shop) would be spelt Cafe. A word containing a non-native letter can be altered, though this is mostly a personal decision. Konigsbergesk tends to remove double consonants when inheriting from Gothic or borrowing from other languages; figgrs (finger, from Gothic) → figur, though this is not always the case; stemmen (voice/vote, from Middle Low German) → stemmen. If the double consonant is SS, it will collapse into ß. Similarly, Konigsbergesk collapses double vowels into Å Ø, etc.
Konigsbergesk began to develop around the 4th and 5th centuries as an offshoot of Gothic. While much of the Goths had begun a migration and pillaging campaign southwards into Ukraine and then Bulgaria, a large contingency settled in Konigsberg and established various petty kingdoms. Their territories looked not unlike their current borders; likely extending from Gdansk through to Suwalki and Klaipeda. The early kingdoms, particularly in the north, interacted with the neighbouring Curonians, who occupied what is now known as Courland. Most of the earliest borrowings in Konigsbergesk (like gov) originate from there.
There had been a longstanding goal to unify these kingdoms. They were weak, embroiled in war, and could potentially be open to a foreign invasion. During the period of 656-689, a campaign led by Volf the Great and his son Theodorikus succeeded in this goal. They originated from and are named for the city of Konigsberg, and imposed their dialect upon the peoples. An edict from 692 pertaining to this, known as the Theodorikus Script, serves as the main source of knowledge for Old Konigsbergesk. Despite these conflicts, the kingdom was largely stable. Based on the hydronym for the Gardersee, it is likely that Konigsberg acquired the territories surrounding it sometime during the mid 700s.
This initial peace would not last, however. In 829, the first documented Viking raid occurred in a monastery in Krokova, though raids before this had been occurring for some time. Konigsbergesk was a particular target for them, as it was relatively close in distance, was fertile, and would provide a foothold for future expansion into eastern Europe. According to contemporary reports, the invasion began when a large band of Swedes landed on January 854, close to modern day Hel. A quick campaign ensued, with the Konigsbergens defeated at the Battle of Klaipeda by the semi-legendary Ragnar Lodbrok. Emboldened by this success, a coalition of Danes and Swedes, known as the Great Heathen Army, would later attempt the occupation of England from 865-878.
Following this defeat, Konigsberg was subjugated by the Kingdom of Denmark, and its lands fell under their loose control. Sporadic resistance from nobles was attempted, but they were vanquished with little resistance. It is known that the territories were still under Danish control by the period of Gorm the Old, the first properly attested Danish king. During his reign, a series of annals pertaining to Konigsberg and its political situation was created. While much of the texts are lost, they indicate that by 950, Konigsbergesk had recieved significant Old Norse influence.
Konigsberg was likely Christianised along with the Kingdom of Denmark c. 965, following Harald Bluetooth's declaration. However, pagan tradition persisted in rural areas. Capitalising on Harald's tenuous control and preoccupation over Norway, a group of pagan nobles lead by Batvin the Bold defeated Bluetooth and re-established the Kingdom of Konigsberg, with himself as the head.
Batvin's rule quickly proceeded to become unpopular, due to his persecution of the growing Christian minority. Following a stake-burning in which 22 Christians were killed, Batvin was assassinated on July or August 19, 993, 23 years into his reign. The sudden death provoked immediate civil strife, with four successors vying for the throne. This unrest continued for 25 years, before it was halted by Cnut the Great's reoccupation of Konigsberg in 1019.
Similar to the initial occupation, some resistance campaigns were attempted by nobles throughout the early 11th century, though none were successful. Danish rule had stabilised by the end of Sweyn II's rule in 1076, and much of the pagan remnants had been eliminated by Canute IV. However, the repeated Danish civil wars (1131-1134; 1139-1143; 1146-1157) caused great discontent amongst the powerful tradesmen and guilds. In 1153, the market towns broke away from Denmark, and joined the Holy Roman Empire as city states.
Throughout the 13th and 14th century, the market towns, particularly those near the coast, were involved in the Hanseatic League, allowing for a major boon in trade and wealth due to Konigsberg's strategic position in the Baltic Sea. In fact, the name for the city of Konigsberg is still officially the Hanseatic City of Konigsberg to this day. The city states also became much more centralised during this period, and a slow process of consolidation began. Konigsberg absorbed Pillava in 1223, then Braunsberg in 1254, before annexing Memel in 1279, allowing it to finally be promoted to an electorate. The proliferation of Middle Low German, the Hanseatic League's working language, caused many loanwords to enter the language, primarily from trade, though also for various miscellaneous items. Konigsberg's participation in the League allowed it to avert the "Ostsiedlung"; eastward migration of German peoples.
Konigsberg participated in the first Hanseatic-Danish War, and was a signatory of the Confederation of Cologne. With their victory in the second phase, Konigsberg obtained a 150 year lease on the island of Bornholm, which expired in 1520. A significant minority of the population still speaks Kuningsholm (a portmanteau of Kunigsbairg and Bornholm), a creole of Danish, Low German and Konigsbergesk to this day.
Despite these successes, the Hanseatic League's influence began to wane in the 15th century. As an electorate and not a city state, Konigsberg was under increased suspicion from the Emperor due to the considerable trade and wealth influence it exerted. Shortly after the League's victory in the second Dano-Hanseatic War, King Sigismund blocked Konigsberg's further participation in the League.
The electorate of Konigsberg was one of the first centers of the Protestant Reformation in 1520; like most Hanseatic or Hanseatic-adjacent members, changes in church life were actively enforced. Catholic bishops were removed and arrested, and the church was reorganized based on Lutheran church orders. In tandem, the Lutheran Church of Konigsberg was established in 1524.
Konigsbergesk uses -ar to denote all plurals, used across all genders. -s is the main alternative, used primarily for Franco-English loanwords. Words are pluralised as -ar unless otherwise denoted.
Konigsbergesk uses a dot as a numerical seperator; e.g. 1.000 Liuþar (1,000 people), and guillemets with spaces for quotations « 1.000 Liuþar ». Hyphens are not used in Konigsbergesk, so two words compounded together (e.g. Åpelbagmas, apple tree) would not be written Åpel-bagmas. : ; ? and ! have a space preceding them, as in French. Otherwise, the punctuation is identical to English.
Like in German and Luxembourgish, Konigsbergesk capitalises all nouns irrespective of context. This is particularly helpful when a word can appear as both a noun and another form. For example, "Null", meaning "zero", exists in a noun form ("di Null") and as a simple numeral (just "null"). To prevent reduplication of largely identical words, entries of this kind will be sorted by how common each form is. This practice began in the 16th century due to German influence, probably proliferated by the printing press. A similar practice was done in Danish until 1948. Capitalisation is also used for the start of a sentence, for proper nouns (Præsident), names of people or places.
Konigsbergesk utilises Eastern naming order, which means that the surname and first name are reversed (Smith John instead of John Smith). In formal contexts like documentation purposes, the definite article is prefixed to the name (de Smith John if male, di Smith Jane if feminine, þat Doe John if the person is unknown), which is also used in Bavarian. This use was codified in 1840, and originates from a formerly common practice in Central and Eastern Europe, though it is now in official contexts limited to Konigsbergesk, some Basque nationalists, and Hungarian.
Names of people from countries that use this order also stay the same (Murayama Tomiichi remains Murayama Tomiichi, Jiang Zemin remains Jiang Zemin, etc.) However, names of people from countries using Western name order are not changed, so Bill Clinton would stay as Bill Clinton in text. The only exception is monarchs or popes (Elizabeth II is II Elisabet, Pope John Paul II is II Johannes Paul Papa, etc.) People from Konigsberg will traditionally introduce themselves to foreigners using Western name order, and this is the format used for most international media outlets.
Konigsbergesk also has seperable family name affixes, similar to Dutch tussenvoegsels, Celtic family name prefixes, French particles, and the German von. The most common example is "van", meaning from (in the sense of a source or origin). The other instance is "de", a masculine nominative article (the). De was a prefix awarded by the ruling de la Tour d'Auvergne house (1633-1871; 1920-1938; 1946). As such, it is primarily held by former nobles or persons married to them. Conversely, van is a primarily toponymical indicator.
Konigsbergesk utilises SVO (subject-verb-object) word order and V2 order in main clauses, which is a feature present in all of the extant Germanic languages. Subordinate clauses typically revert to verb-final order, with the finite verb appearing at the end of the clause. Dependent clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions (such as þat "that" ef "if," and þauh "though"), which force the verb to the clause-final position. For example: Ik kunde þat di Fru sofnst ("I know that the woman is sleeping"). Relative clauses follow the same pattern, with a relative pronoun introducing the clause and the verb moved to the end (e.g. De mann, þat ik kunde, is min Herr "The man that I know is my lord").
Questions are split into two groups; a "yes-no question", a question which asks whether a statement is true, and a "Wh question", one which has many possible answers. They are verb-first, i.e. formed by inversion of the subject and the verb (e.g. Bi di Fru sofnst ? "Is the woman sleeping?"), in the same way as English. Konigsbergesk also possesses wh-movement, the idea of placing an interrogative word (like "what") at the start of a question. Wh questions will always start with the interrogative word, but yes-no questions can have conjunctions and/or topical elements precede the initial verb. (Di Fru, is di sofnst ? The woman, is she sleeping?)
There are several forms of negation in Konigsbergesk. For basic negation, the particle "ne" is prefixed in front of the finite verb (for example, Ik ne kan, meaning I don't know, lit. I no know). However, it shows signs of entering stage II of Jespersen's cycle; in colloquial or emphatic speech, a postverbial element will be added: Ik ne kan becomes Ik ne kan nocht (lit. I no know nothing). This is an example of double negation and negative concord, both of which are uncommon in the Germanic language family but relatively common elsewhere in Europe. Negative indefinites are usually prefixed with "ni" (see the negative pronoun table at the bottom of the page for examples).
For commands, Konigsbergesk uses the indicative 2nd person singular, without a pronoun preceding it; e.g. Gib ik der, lit. "Give I that", and, Gib min di Kauriþa da. lit. "Give my the burden that". They also utilise V1 word order.
The three genders; feminine, masculine, and neuter are preserved. Adjectives are not influenced by the gender of nouns, so a word like "blank" (shiny) appears the same irrespective of whether a masculine, (de blank Åpel), feminine, (di blank Þeiro), or neuter noun (þat blank Skip) succeeds it. However, agent nouns and professions are affected by gender; læran (to learn) becomes either Lærer (male use) or Lærerinna (female use). For generic or unspecified uses, it defaults to male gender. To prevent redundancy, the lemma will also default to the masculine form.
Indo-European
• Anatolian (extinct)
• Tocharian (extinct)
• Italic — Latin > Romance languages (French, Spanish, Italian, etc.)
• Celtic (Irish, Welsh, Breton, etc.)
• Hellenic — Ancient Greek > Modern Greek
• Balto-Slavic
• Baltic (Lithuanian, Latvian)
• Slavic (Russian, Polish, Serbian, etc.)
• Indo-Iranian
• Indic (Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, etc.)
• Iranian (Avestan, Persian, Kurdish, etc.)
• Germanic
• East Germanic
• Gothic (extinct)
• Burgundian (extinct)
• Vandalian (extinct)
• Konigsbergesk
• North Germanic
• Old Norse
• Icelandic
• Faroese
• Norwegian
• Danish
• Swedish
• West Germanic
• Old English > Middle English > Modern English
• Old High German > Middle High German > Modern German
• Old Saxon > Middle Low German > Modern Low German
• Old Dutch > Middle Dutch > Modern Dutch
• Frisian languages
• Yiddish (from High German, influenced by Hebrew/Slavic)
Unsar Fader (Our Father)
Unsar Fader, hvas bist in Himin, Hailag is din Nåmo. Din Kuningdom kimst. Din Wille dun, ana di Airþe, also in Himin. Gib uns dis Dag unsar dagleik Braud, jah fragib uns unsar Sunder, þat vi fragiben der hvas stornen jegen uns. Tiuhen uns ne Tiuh in, afer fraisen uns fram di ubil. Denn din bist de Kuningdom, jah di Makt, jah di Andhul in altaim. Amen.
Vadderunser (Our Father; Standard Low German. Note that Low German is a highly varied dialect continuum, and as such it is difficult to determine mutual intelligibilty.)
Uns Vadder in'n Himmel! Laat hilligt warrn dien Naam. Laat kamen dien Riek. Laat warrn dien Willen so as in'n Himmel, so ok op de Eerd. Uns dääglich Brood giff uns vundaag, Un vergiff uns unse Schuld, as wi de vergeven hebbt de an uns schüllig worn sünd. Un laat uns nich versöcht warrn, man maak uns frie vun dat Böse. Denn dien is dat Riek un de Kraft un de Herrlichkeit in Ewigkeit. Amen.
Uns Vader (Our Father; Mennonite and East Low German)
Uns Vader, de is in Himmel. Heiliget is dien Naam. Dien Riek sall komen. Dien Will doch doon, up Welt as dat is in Himmel. Gäv uns dis Dag uns dagliks Brod, un vergäv uns uns Schuld, as wi vergäven uns Schuldners. Un bring uns nich in Versuchung, aber spaar uns van de Übel. Denn dien is dat Riek, un de Kraft, un de Herrlichkeit, in Ewigkeit! Amen.
Vaterunser (Our Father; standard Modern German)
Vater unser im Himmel, Geheiligt werde dein Name. Dein Reich komme. Dein Wille geschehe, wie im Himmel so auf Erden. Unser tägliches Brot gib uns heute. Und vergib uns unsere Schuld, wie auch wir vergeben unsern Schuldigern. Und führe uns nicht in Versuchung, sondern erlöse uns von dem Bösen. Denn dein ist das Reich und die Kraft und die Herrlichkeit in Ewigkeit. Amen.
Onzevader (Our Father; standard Modern Dutch)
Onze Vader die in de hemel zijt Uw Naam worde geheiligd. Uw koninkrijk kome. Uw wil geschiede, gelijk in de hemel alzo ook op de aarde. Geef ons heden ons dagelijks brood. En vergeef ons onze schulden, gelijk ook wij vergeven onze schuldenaren. En leid ons niet in verzoeking, maar verlos ons van de boze. Want van U is het koninkrijk en de kracht en de heerlijkheid tot in eeuwigheid. Amen.
I was planning on centralising the entire text here, but it had become so large that the text editor was inoperable and I couldn't add anything at all. As a result, I've split it into four sections; one for roughly every 6 letters.
A-F G-L M-R S-W"Bi" is highly irregular, drawing from multiple Proto-Germanic roots (*wesan, *biju). Like its relatives in other Germanic languages, it fuses forms from distinct verbs to express existence, identity, and condition.
"Kanja" is irregular in that the stem vowel changes in the present singular (ich kan, du kanst, der/di/þat kan) but remains regular in plural and subjunctive forms. The past tense is suppletive, formed with "kund-".
"Skulstan" is irregular because the present tense forms drop the infinitive suffix and use the stem "skal-/skul-". The past and subjunctive are formed with the mutated stem "skuld-". Its conjugation parallels Gothic "skulan", Old English "sceal/sculde", and German "sollen/sollte".
(1) For the word's first vowel, it triggers an umlaut in U, a slash in O, or an overring in A.
Konigsbergesk forms abstract and relational nouns with several common prefixes and suffixes, many inherited from Proto-Germanic. Below are some examples:
Forms words of any class negating, reversing or removing; de-, un-.
giban (to give) → angiban (to steal or take forcefully; literally "to ungive").
Borrowed from Old Saxon and-, a suffix for "against" or "without", ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *anda-.
Forms words denoting a general location; by-, at-.
leden (to lead) → bileden (to accompany)
Inherited from Gothic bi-, in turn from proto-Germanic *bi-.
Forms words denoting someting that is before or in front of another thing, or higher in hierarchal order; pre-, fore-.
neh (near, preposition) → furneh (past, over, finished, etc.)
From proto-Germanic *furai, possibly a contraction. Cognate with English fore-, German/Dutch vor-, Gothic faura-.
Usually prefixed to nouns and adjectives; indicates a lack of, not enough, too little of something, as well as giving the sense of wrong or misdeed. Roughly equivalent to mis-, dys-, mal- in the second sense, but has no direct English equivalent for the first sense.
halden (to hold/care for) → vanhalden (to mishandle/neglect)
Borrowed from Old Norse vanr, meaning a lack of something. Cognate with Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish van-.
Forms the regular plural of all native nouns. The suffix attaches to the stem, and may trigger vowel changes in inherited words. It is the most productive plural marker in Konigsbergesk.
Hund (dog) → Hundar (dogs)
Taim (time) → Taimar (times)
Cognate with Gothic -os (later levelled as -ans), Old Norse -ar, Old English -as. Serves as the default plural ending in the modern language.
An analogical plural ending used mainly for loanwords and proper names, especially from Romance and English. Less common than -ar but productive in newer vocabulary.
Adresse (address) → Adresses (addresses)
Film (film) → Films (films)
Borrowed under French and English influence; parallels the spread of -s plurals in many European languages.
Forms abstract nouns indicating a state or quality; -ness. A double S is used for feminine nouns, and a single S is used for masculine and neuter nouns.
kan (root of verb "to know") → Kannes (knowledge, intelligence)
Fru (woman) → Fruness (womanhood, femaleness)
Cognate with English -ness, German -nis, Gothic -inassus. The reason for the gender distinction is unclear.
Forms abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives, or other nouns. Some words, mostly feminine inheritances from Gothic, use the fossilized -iþa. Equivalent to -th in English, to which it is related.
kaurus (adjective "burdensome") → Kaurida (burden)
Inherited from Gothic -ida, masculine form of -iþa. Doublet of -de.
Forms adjectives from nouns, denoting a quality or trait. Equivalent to -y, -ieous in English, to which it is related.
gewess (certain, absolute) → gewessig (certainly, absolutely)
Inherited from Gothic -(i)gs, influenced by Dutch, German, Low German -ig.
Same function as -(i)da. The general rule is that nouns suffixed with -de are of Middle Low German origin, though this is not applicable in all cases. Equivalent to -th in English.
warm (warm) → Warmde (heat, warmth)
Borrowed from Middle Low German -ede, whence Low German -de, Luxembourgish -t, and rare German -te. See also Dutch -de. Doublet of -ida.
Forms adjectives from nouns with the sense of pertaining to, characteristic of, as well as belonging to or of a nationality. Equivalent to -ish in English.
Mann (man) → mannisk (human, in the adjective sense)
Inherited from Gothic -isks. Cognate with German and Dutch -isch, Scandinavian -(i)sk.
Forms nouns indicating condition, office, or collective group; -ship.
Fru (woman) → Fruskep (sisterhood, fellowship of women)
Cognate with English -ship, German -schaft, Old Norse -skapr.
Forms nouns meaning domain, state, or jurisdiction; -dom.
Kuning (king) → Kuningdom (kingdom)
Cognate with English -dom, German -tum, Gothic -doms.
Forms agent nouns (a person who performs an action); -er, and native male professions. -(i)nna is used to denote feminine professions; the usage of the (i) depends on if there is a vowel at the end of the word being suffixed.
læran (to teach) → Lærer (male teacher)
læran (to teach) → Lærerinna (female teacher)
Parallel to English -er, German -er, Gothic -areis. -(i)nna is from Old Norse -inna and cognate with German -in.
Forms adjectives from nouns or verbs indicating possibility, ability or capability; equivalent to -able or -ible in English.
andniman (to accept) → andnimbar (acceptable).
From Middle Low German -bar; cf. Danish -bar, German -bar, Dutch -baar.
Used to form gerunds and verbal nouns from verbs, as in English, Swedish, Norwegian and Icelandic -ing.
senda (to send) → Sending (delivery, mail, broadcast)
Borrowed from Old Norse -ing, ultimately from proto-Germanoc *ungo.
Forms nouns denoting manner, form, or likeness; -ly, -like.
Barn (child) → Barnleik (childhood, childishness)
Cognate with English -like (archaic noun use), German -lich, Gothic -leiks.
Forms diminutives (i.e. denoting small size, youth, or as endearment). Roughly equivalent to English -kin, which it is related to.
Hund (dog) → Hundken (a small dog)
From Middle Low German -ken. Cognate with Southern Dutch -ke(n), Low and Northern German -ken, German -chen, English -kin. Displaced Gothic -uks.
Forms nouns denoting a field of study, discourse, or body of knowledge. Used primarily in learned and academic vocabulary, often borrowed from Latin and Greek through Medieval or Renaissance contact. In Konigsbergesk, it is treated by the gender of the root word.
Politik (politics) → Politologie (political science)
Internationalism; borrowed from French -logie, in turn from Latin -logia.
Unlike Danish, Norwegian and German, adjectives in Konigsbergesk are not influenced by the gender of nouns. A standard me- prefix is used as a comparative (though sometimes the suffix -ere is used from West Germanic influence). Mæst is used as a superlative, though again, the suffix -est may be used.
The pronoun system follows East Germanic models with some West Germanic influence. Third-person forms overlap with the definite articles. Demonstratives often serve as both pronouns and adjectives. The subjective and objective personal pronouns have collapsed, except "vi" (we) and "uns" (us).
Unless otherwise stated, the contents of this page are dedicated to the public domain (CC0).
